采油废水中多环芳烃的生态风险评价

先利用C-18固相萃取小柱富集大港油田港东联合处理站污水处理站的采油废水中16种多环芳烃(PAHs,即萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽和苯并[g,h,i]苝),再用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析测定其浓度,以评价PAHs的去除率和生态风险。结果表明:(1)采油废水经处理后,COD、石油类去除率分别达到82.27%、91.06%;外排水COD、石油类达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级标准要求,优于中国采油废水处理的一般水平。(2)采油废水主要以2、3环的PAHs为主,约占总量的93%以上。(3)苯并[a]芘超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中限值。(4)处理前的采油废水中蒽、菲和苯并[a]芘具有一定的生态风险;处理后的外排水中萘、蒽、菲、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘的暴露浓度(PEC)/预测无效应浓度(PNEC)均小于1,目前尚未对环境造成威胁。但是8种PAHs(苊烯和苯并类PAHs除外)总和表现出较大的毒性,需要引起重视。     

Fingerprinting of Gasoline and Coal Tar NAPL Volatile Hydrocarbons Dissolved in Groundwater

Accidental spills and chronic leaks of fuel oil or other hydrocarbon material (e.g., coal tar) often result in subsurface accumulation of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), which can be a subsequent source of contamination in groundwater. Linking hydrocarbons in groundwater to a source NAPL has been difficult when using standard target analytes (e.g., BTEX) because of differences in partitioning properties of the analytes between the source NAPL and groundwater. Because aqueous solubility is predicted to be the controlling influence in the partitioning of hydrocarbons from NAPL to groundwater, a solubility-based approach to matching dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater to their source NAPL has been developed and validated for two sites with commonly encountered types of NAPL contamination. Specifically, a gasoline LNAPL and a coal tar DNAPL from two separate sites (West Virginia and California) and groundwater interfaced with these NAPLs were analyzed for approximately 50 gasoline-range hydrocarbons consisting of paraffin, isoparaffin, (mono-) aromatic, naphthene, and olefin compounds (PIANO). Solubility characteristics of selected alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons from the PIANO analysis were used to identify a set of diagnostic hydrocarbons, expressed as hydrocarbon ratios, which were found to be useful in distinguishing the source(s) of hydrocarbons in groundwater. At the West Virginia site, the diagnostic ratios in a downgradient groundwater sample were similar to those of a gasoline NAPL at that site, indicating the source of hydrocarbons to the groundwater was the upgradient gasoline NAPL. The diagnostic ratios of the groundwater in contact with the gasoline NAPL and the remote groundwater were also similar, providing evidence that the diagnostic ratios were retained during transport in the aquifer. At the California site, diagnostic ratios in a cross-gradient groundwater sample differed from those of the coal tar NAPL at that site, indicating that the remote groundwater hydrocarbons did not originate from the coal tar contamination. Environmental factors such as selective degradation of specific isomers and various geological conditions (e.g., soil mineralogy, and organic content) may confound the application of this solubility-based fingerprinting approach. Thus, it is recommended that multiple diagnostic pairs be simultaneously evaluated when considering this fingerprinting approach for specific sites and product types.     

一个新的拓扑指数用于芳烃化合物溶解度、分配系数及生物毒性的研究

在分子拓扑理论的基础上，提出了一个新的拓扑指数Yx，并用Yx研究了芳烃化合物的溶解度、分配系数及生物毒(活）性，给出了相关方程。结果表明，新方法计算方便，物理意义明确，预测值与相应的实验值较吻合。     

Effects of biosurfactants on assays of PCB congeners in transgenic arabidopsis plants carrying a recombinant guinea pig AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression system

The transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying a recombinant guinea pig (g) aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression system were generated for assays of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The selected transgenic Arabidopsis plant XgD2V11-6 exhibited a correlation between uptake of PCB126 and PCB126-induced GUS activity. Also, the plants showed induced GUS activity towards the supplemental indole 3-acetic acid (IAA). Thus, the GUS assay may reflect induction by both endogenous and exogenous AhR ligands. When biosurfactants, MEL-B, produced in the culture of yeast isolated from plants were used for assays of PCB congeners in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants, they showed marked PCB126 dose-dependent and toxic equivalency factor (TEF) dependent GUS activities. The effects of biosurfactants were clearer when the plants were cultivated on soils containing PCB congeners for 7 days as compared with on soils for 3 days as well as in the medium for 3 days. Threfore, it was estimated that biosurfactants form micellae with PCB congeners, which are easily uptaken by the plants in a mode of passive diffusion, transport into the aerial parts and then induce GUS activity.     

Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from field-contaminated soil to a two-dimensional hydrophobic surface before and after bioremediation

This study investigated environmental distributions and production mechanisms of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) in the sediments from some tidal flats located in Asia. Cl-PAHs were found in sediments taken from Arao tidal flat, Kikuchigawa River and Shirakawa River. The range of ∑Cl-PAHs was from 25.5 to 483 pg g⁻¹ for Kikuchigawa River and Arao tidal flat, respectively.Concentrations of PAHs and Cl-PAHs showed no significant correlations (r = 0.134). This result suggests that the origins of these compounds differ. In the identified Cl-PAH isomers, the most abundant Cl-PAH isomer was 9,10-dichloroanthracene (9,10-di-Cl-ANT) in the three sites. In general, concentrations of Cl-ANTs in the coastal environment are about 3-5 orders of magnitude lower than those of anthracene (ANT). However, concentration ratios between Cl-ANTs and ANT (Cl-ANTs/ANT) in the sediments ranged from 4.1% to 24.6%. This result indicated that Cl-PAHs were not generated under industrial processes but the high concentration ratios have resulted from the contribution of photochemical production of Cl-ANTs in the sediments because ANT is known to have high photochemical reactivity.For examining this phenomenon, ANT adsorbed onto glass beads was irradiated with UV under the mimicked field conditions of tidal flats. As a result, it was noticed that, while chlorinated derivatives were negligible in a light-controlled group, production of 2-Cl-ANT, 9-Cl-ANT and 9,10-diCl-ANT on the irradiated surface were found in this study. These results suggest that photochemical reaction of PAHs can be a potential source of the occurrence of Cl-PAHs in the coastal environment.     

西安市大气中多环芳烃的季节变化及健康风险评价

对西安市2009年6月-2010年5月空气中的总悬浮颗粒（TSP）和气态样品进行了连续采样，利用GC—MS对16种PAHs进行分析。∑PAHs浓度（气相＋颗粒相）范围为39．93～1032．46ng／m^3，平均值为197．34ng／m^3；其中，冬季大气中∑PAHs浓度最大，相对浓度的范围为31．21％～72．98％，而夏季的浓度最小；检测出16种2～6环的PAHs，其中以3—4环为主。利用特征分子比值法和因子分析进行源解析，发现研究区PAHs的主要来源为燃煤和机动车尾气排放。通过苯并（a）芘（BaP）等效毒性（BEQ）和苯并（a）芘等效致癌浓度（BaPE）进行健康风险评价，结果显示，西安大气中PAHs的毒性具有明显的季节差异，特别是秋季和冬季大气中PAHs对人类的健康存在较大的潜在威胁。     

Assessment of honey contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The aim of this study was to assess honey contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Six species of honey were examined, as well as rape blossom and soil from villages P?czerzyno and Przybys?aw in West Pomerania, Poland. The instrumental analysis was performed using a HP 6890 gas chromatograph coupled to a HP 5973 mass spectrometer with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Quantification was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using perdeuterated internal standards. Both soil samples showed high levels of all 23 PAHs, whereas honey contained mostly non-carcinogenic PAHs of low molecular weight. The most contaminated honey from P?czerzyno contained 0.24 μg kg-1 benzo[a]pyrene. Moreover, despite low contamination of honey, a positive correlation was found between PAH content in honey, blossom and soil.     

白腐真菌修复多环芳烃污染土壤及其降解机理的研究进展

介绍了白腐真菌对多环芳烃(PAHs)的代谢途径、降解机理,阐述了白腐真菌修复PAHs污染土壤的影响因素和生态效应,并提出了提高白腐真菌修复效率的措施.白腐真菌主要通过分泌木质素降解酶系(木质家过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶)来降解PAHs,这些胞外酶可通过开环作用把PAHs代谢成为水溶性较强的醌类中间产物,再由其他微生物降解这些中间产物直至矿化.在白腐真菌的培养过程中.通过对环境因素及营养条件(如温度、pH值、C/N比、微量元素和转速)的优化可提高胞外酶产量.在修复PAHs污染土壤过程中,生物竞争、营养条件和环境因素等均会影响白腐真菌的修复效果.同时,归纳总结了改善白腐真菌修复效果的一些措施,如真菌-细菌联合修复、添加适当的培养基质、添加表面活性剂、直接施用酶制剂和改善营养条件等.     

GC/MS法测定润滑油基础油中多环芳烃

对润滑油基础油中多环芳烃的气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)测定方法进行了研究,探讨了样品的提取,固相萃取柱净化等前处理方法,同时也对仪器测定条件进行了优化.结果表明,在检测润滑油基础油中多环芳烃时,经优化的GC/MS法的加标回收率和精密度均达到较满意的水平.     

能源利用中烃类气体检测技术研究进展

烃类气体作为地表油气地球化学勘查地下油气藏的直接指标,以及钻井液检测中指导钻井作业的重要因素,在挥发性烃类污染控制中也发挥着重要作用。通过对各类烃类气体检测技术现状和应用情况进行分析与整理,为该类技术针对不同目标的选择与组合提供了依据。